| Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate nomenclature, structures, anomeric effect: principles and applications, mutarotation, functional group modifications, glycosylations, biological importance of carbohydrates, enzymatic glycosylations, vaccine design. Proteins and Amino Acids: alpha-Amino Acids, other amino acids and their importance, isoelectric point, preparation of amino acids, reactions of AA, peptide bond formation, reagents-reactions, solid phase peptide synthesis, peptides and proteins. Lipids, terpenoids, prostaglandins, steroids, polyketides: Fatty Acids: Saturated, unsaturated (nomenclature), roles in biological processes, detergents, Fats & Oils, Phospholipids, cellular membrane. Prostaglandins; Terpenes; Steroids; Polyketides: Synthesis and Biosynthetic Mechanisms; Alkaloids: Classification, Indole alkaloids (the largest class of the alkaloids) Synthesis of some alkaloids: Mannich, Pictet-Spengler, and Bischler-Napieralski reactions; Dyes: Roles in plants and animals. Classifications: Indigoid, anthraquinonoid, flavonoids, dihydropyranoids, carotenoids, etc. |