| Reaction Mechanisms: General methods (kinetic and non-kinetic) for studying reaction mechanism: isotopic method, cross-over experiments, basic stereochemistry R-, S-, E-, Z- classification; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions. Reactive Intermediates: Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of carbonium ions and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes. Substitution Reactions: electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aliphatic and aromatic compounds including heterocyclic compoundspyrrole, furan, thiophene and indole. Elimination Reactions: E1, E2 and E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reactions Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination Chugaev and Cope eliminations. Addition Reactions: Electrophilic addition to C=C and aromatic systems; nucleophilic addition to C=O, C=N, conjugated olefins and carbonyls; conjugate addition reactions; ylides: sulphur and phosphorous ylides; Polarity reversal - Umpolung. Reactions and Rearrangements: Extension of the concept to write mechanisms for reactions and rearrangements such as aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro; benzoin and acyloin condensations; Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions; Pinacol-pinacolone, Hoffmann, Beckmann, BaeyerVilliger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, and Wagner- Meerwein rearrangements. |